巢湖流域水质生物学评价——以大型底栖动物为例

由于长期暴露在自然环境中,底栖动物可整合不同时间尺度的物理、化学及生物信息,能反映污染物质对其造成的协同危害特征,因而被广泛应用于水体健康评价。为了弄清巢湖流域水体污染状况,于2009年4月对巢湖流域大型底栖动物进行采样调查。59个采样点中,鉴定出大型底栖动物共23种,其中:环节动物门6种,占26.1%;节肢动物门8种,占34.8%;软体动物门9种,占39.1%。尽管不同栖息环境中底栖动物的优势种有较大变化,但霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)和铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)为整个巢湖流域优势物种。河流综合生物污染指数评价结果表明,巢湖流域水体均已受到不同程度的污染,南淝河的污染程度>白石山河>派河>巢湖湖体>柘皋河>杭埠河>裕溪河>丰乐河,这一结果与水质指标评价结果基本一致。     

水土流失治理新范式:基于流域过程模拟和情景分析的方法

随着土壤侵蚀问题的日益突出,水土流失治理逐渐成为实现区域可持续发展的当务之急.通过在试验小流域实施治理措施并评价其效益是水土流失治理的传统范式,但这种范式存在试验周期长、可重复性差、资金和人工技术投入大、推广性差等局限性,已不能适应当前水土流失治理的需要.近年来兴起的基于流域过程模拟的情景分析方法在定量模拟流域过程对地理变量响应的基础上,通过评价不同治理措施的环境、生态和经济效益,探索能够协调经济发展与环境保护关系的水土流失治理措施.该方法能够在无需大范围工程实施和实地观测的情况下对各种治理措施的效益进行评价,花费少,灵活性强,在水土流失治理措施的决策制定中具有较大优势.本文详细阐述以情景分析方式作为水土流失治理新范式的基本思路,通过实例分析,演示新范式在治理流域水土流失中的应用,并展望新范式在流域治理中的未来发展趋势.     

河流流量对流域下垫面特性的响应

以美国切斯比克湾地区为例,对该区域150个小流域的下垫面特性(包括土地利用类型、地面不透水系数和土壤物理属性)进行了提取,根据1984—2004年间逐日流量观测数据计算出了33个水文指标,运用逐步回归方法在不同地理区分析了9种下垫面特性对其中17个重要水文指标的影响。结果表明:随着草地和林地比例的增加,流量趋于减小、流量变化趋于稳定,随着建设用地和不透水层的增加,流量增加、流量变化剧烈,随着土壤水文组等级的升高,流量减少;在整个切斯比克湾流域,对流域下垫面特性响应最为显著的水文指标是高脉冲个数及历时,在阿巴拉契亚高地地区响应最为显著的水文指标是年极值流量、高脉冲个数及历时,在皮德蒙特山地响应最为显著的水文指标是高脉冲个数及历时,在沿海平原地区响应最为显著的水文指标是高脉冲个数及历时、流量变化的速率与频率。     

中国主要入海河流河口集水区划分与分类

采用GIS技术开展中国主要入海河流的流域边界及其汇水单元、河口集水区的划分及其分类。基于ArcGIS水文分析模块划分出15条入海河流的汇水单元,并通过5种不同汇水单元面积等级的划分来表达各入海河流汇水单元的详细程度;划分的流域面积与相关文献资料对比偏差在10%以内;在流域与汇水单元划分的基础上,基于感潮河段的数据收集,确定出88个中国主要入海河流的河口集水区。通过建立分类指标体系,采用聚类分析方法,划分出5类河口:第一类EDA主要分布在环渤海地区、山东半岛和广东沿海;第二类EDA主要分布在长江口和杭州湾周围;第三类EDA主要分布在江苏北部沿海和辽东半岛;第四类包括山东江苏交界处沿海、江苏南部沿海;第五类主要分布在福建浙江沿海、珠江口、长江口、海河口附近、辽河河口附近,并利用快速生物评价法验证河口分类的合理性。研究成果可为进一步开展我国近海河口和海域营养盐基准制订与生态分区提供基础空间数据与方法借鉴。     

不同管理主体对泸沽湖流域生态系统影响的比较分析

行政边界将自然生态系统从主观上切割为可供管理的空间单元,而人类介入一个相对完整的生态系统,会从根本上影响生态系统的格局和生态学过程,这种影响对流域生态系统更为显著。以我国西南川滇两省交界处的泸沽湖流域生态系统为例,运用对比分析法,先从不同行政尺度定性比较了流域两侧生态系统管理主体在自然、社会、经济子系统方面的差异性。再采用遥感与地理信息系统变化监测技术,定量分析流域省界两侧土地利用类型、林分结构、归一化植被指数、生态系统服务功能等关键要素上的差异,形成对流域省界两侧生态系统功能的差异性的全面认识,从而对产生生态系统功能差异的驱动力进行了分析。最后,以此为基础,有针对性的提出了泸沽湖流域综合管理的对策,以实现泸沽湖流域生态系统的可持续发展。     

黄土高原小流域生态-经济重建模式的尺度概念和方法

对黄土高原地区11个水土保持和生态重建科研攻关试验区近20年的研究结果表明,试区设置的区划尺度过粗和小流域治理典型尺度过小,缺乏中尺度研究和不同尺度间模式及内容转换的方法,是典型模式推广不理想的一个重要原因．针对小流域治理在尺度上的局限性,提出相似度尺度推绎和多尺度互补研究等设想,并进行了初步的研究．     

系统保护规划和不可代替性分析在区域规划中的应用

在区域规划中应该把保护和发展密切结合起来,才能为实施可持续发展战略奠定基础。遵循系统保护规划和不可代替性分析的观点,内蒙古克 什克腾旗应该建立10个不同类型的保护区,并与有关部门和社区实施共同管理,建设成为一个可持续发展的示范基地。     

Modeling the hydrochemistry of the Choptank River basin using GWLF and Arc/Info: 2. Model Validation and Application

We used the hydrochemical model GWLF to estimate terrestrial diffuse fluxes from ungauged areas of a coastal plain catchment, the Choptank River basin. The gauged area of the basin is 17% of the land surface, and we divided the remaining ungauged area into 21 subbasins. Three comparative approaches were used: (1) application of area yield coefficients based on 11 years of observations from the gauged area to extrapolate over ungauged subbasins without modeling, (2) application of GWLF to estimate export from all subbasins using model parameters calibrated in the gauged subbasin, and (3) application of GWLF with parameter adjustments based on the local characteristics in each subbasin. Comparison of the predicted export from 6 selected subbasins with observed export data showed that application of GWLF with local adjustments reduced model errors of N export from 43% to 27%. With only one adjustment for sediment P, application of GWLF alone reduced errors of P export from 92%to 40–45%, with or without local adjustments for flow and sediment retention. The data supported the hypothesis that significant spatial variations in N and P yields introduce large errors when extrapolating from gauged to ungauged subbasins, and estimated TN and TP yield coefficients varied over 1–21 kg N and 0.1–0.5 kg P ha^–1 y^–1 in ungauged areas due to varying human population densities, soil drainage characteristics, and amounts of agriculture. The most accurate estimates of terrestrial diffuse sources were combined with point source discharges and wet atmospheric inputs to estimate annual average inputs of 2.5 × 10⁶ kg N and 5.8 × 10⁴ kg P y^–1 to the Choptank estuary during 1980–1996. These results illustrate the problems of spatial extrapolation from gauged to ungauged areas and emphasize the need for application of local characteristics for accurate assessment of watershed export.     

GIS-based distributed model for simulating runoff and sediment load in the Malian River Basin

GIS-based modeling is an effective approach for reflecting spatially-varied complexities in watershed systems. In this study, a GIS-aided distributive hydrological model was developed to simulate runoff and sediment transport in a loess-plateau context with semi-arid climate, sparse vegetation, and serious soil erosion. The model was then applied to a case study in the Malian River Basin, which is one of the largest catchments in the middle reach of the Yellow River. Based on the GIS technique, the DEM of the study basin was successfully used to delineate the stream network and extract information of catchment characteristics. The results show satisfactory accuracy for runoff simulation. Especially, the integrated soil-erosion and hydrological models can be used for simulating both runoff and sediment loads, which provide a useful decision-support tool for water resources management and pollution control. This study is an attempt to develop a distributed rainfall-runoff model for river basins in the loess plateau region. The developed model can also be extended to larger basins. Further works of field survey and investigation would be helpful for better calibrating critical parameters and thus improving performance of the developed model.